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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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Rehydration of children with acute diarrheal diseases by plantain flour-based solution
Arias 1997
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Banana flakes reduce diarrhea in a study of 31 enterally fed patients
Emery 1997
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Plaque pH was lowered equally by banana or 10% sucrose
Hussein 1996
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Gastric acid was higher following ripe banana compared to porridge in a study of 115 people, so cannot be considered a 'bland' food
Dadoo 1995
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PG-I & PG-II in 1365 people increased with the level of Helicobacter pylori infection and decreased with pre-cancerous lesions. Low I/II ratio is inversely associated with tobacco, fresh fruit & plantain
Kato 1995
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"Effect of ripening on resistant starch and total sugars in Musa paradisiaca sapientum: glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in normal subjects and NIDDM patients " (no abstract)
Lintas 1995
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Among 279 colorectal cancer patients, consumption of bacon was high and banana & papaya was low
Lohsoonthorn 1995
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Stool volume of children with acute diarrhea is reduced by fiber containing foods (grain, potato, plantain)
Molla 1990
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Plasma dopamine tripled following banana ingestion without affecting the level in cerebrospinal fluid in a study with 38 neurological patients
Kuchel 1985
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Postprandial blood glucose responses of insulin dependent diabetics to pure glucose, apple and banana were almost identical, while the response after orange was somewhat weaker
Vaaler 1982
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Observational Studies/Case Reports
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Mango, sapota & banana had the same effect on blood glucose in 10 diabetics
Contractor 1999
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Glycemic index of unripe plantain, Ga kenkey, Gari, rice and yam in 10 adults
Brakohiapa 1997
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Urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid increased after eating banana, pineapple, tomato, kiwi fruit and walnut
Mashige 1996
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Banana starch proved very resistant to in vivo amylase hydrolysis with 84% of the starch reaching the terminal ileum in study of 6 people
Faisant 1995
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Ripening decreases poorly digestible starch and increases free sugar content of bananas but made little difference in blood glucose of 7 people
Ercan 1993
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Serotonin in bananas is 25 micrograms/g pulp. Urinary 5-HIAA & 5-HTOL increased many fold shortly after eating 3-4 bananas, returning to normal after 8-10 h. Alcohol increased the ratio of them
Helander 1992
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Mean postprandial blood glucose response area and glycemic index of under-ripe banana (62 mmol/l x 4hr & 43), over-ripe banana (106 mmol/l x 4hr & 74) and white bread (181 mmol/l x 4hr) in two diabetics
Hermansen 1992
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Glucose-response curves to mango and banana were less than those to rambutan, durian and pineapple in 10 NIDDM patients
Roongpisuthipong 1991
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Ingestion of bananas caused an increase of vanilmandelic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid and homovanillic acid in 24-h urine
Odink 1988
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Blood-glucose response to meals containing grapes, honeydew, orange, or strawberries was slightly higher than meals containing apple, banana, or no fruit in 10 insulin dependent diabetics
Hoover-Plow 1987
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Protein balance of plantain/bean diet is not reached even with 117 mg/kg/d in 10 people; only about half is assimilated
Navarrete 1984
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Ascorbic acid attenuated the rise in sulfate conjugated dopamine & epinephrine in humans
Dunne 1983
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Blood pressure & pulse rate increased only while plasma free dopamine concentrations exceeded that of the sulfate, indicating the latter is inactive. Dietary dopamine is conjugated in the gut
Kuchel 1982
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Blood glucose was high in people eating boiled cocoyam, roasted yam, glucose & boiled plantains, and low for boiled beans and garri
Oli 1982
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The low protein in cassava and plantain can be overcome by other indigenous crops
Omawale 1979
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Plantain meals and serum 5-hydroxytryptamine in healthy Nigerians
Ojo 1969
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"Urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-mandelic acid and banana feeding " (no abstract)
Borrell 1967
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Ethnobotanical Use
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Musa sapientum commonly known as 'banana' is widely used in Indian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus
Pari 2000
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Strychnos cocculoides; Musa species; Solanum delegoense; Ximenia caffra; Diplorynchus condylocarpon; and Croton megalobotrys are used by traditional healers of Zambia
Ndubani 1999
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Pakastani women classified chicken, meat, egg, brinjal, masoor & mangoes as hot foods and rice, yogurt, moong, banana & orange as cold foods
Nizami 1999
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Stem juice has been used as an arrow poison by African tribesmen. Muscle contraction assay indicates this is due to potassium nitrate and magnesium nitrate
Singh 1993
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Childhood diarrhea is often treated with increased plantain in Nigeria
Ekanem 1990
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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Chitinases in fruits & nuts appear to be involved in cross reaction with latex allergy
Diaz-Perales 1999
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Hevein and a hevein-like domain of endochitinase in banana appear responsible for cross sensitivity in allergic people
Mikkola 1998
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The most important antigen for IgG4 antibodies to banana is a lectin, BanLec-I. This lectin might be a potentially useful carrier protein for oral antihapten immunization
Koshte 1992
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Case of anaphylactic shock, asthma, angioedema, and urticaria after eating a banana
Linaweaver 1976
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Obliteration of the cardiac lymph drainage & fibroelastotic lesions associated with prolonged feeding with a plantain diet in Patus monkeys
McKinney 1976
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"Etiology of endomyocardial fibrosis: an experimental evaluation of plantain ingestion and chronic lymphatic obstruction " (no abstract)
Antia 1968
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"Plantain diets, serotonin, and endomyocardial fibrosis " (no abstract)
Shaper 1967
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"Fibrosis in guineapig heart produced by plantain diet " (no abstract)
McKinney 1965
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Analytical Chemistry
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beta-1,3-endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.39) has been isolated from the pulp of ripe bananas, believed to be involved in the ripening process
Peumans 2000
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(-)-epigallocatechin is converted to (-)-gallocatechin and an oxidation product, 1-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-1-propanone by banana fruit
Tanaka 2000
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Iron content of banana is 8-15 mg/kg, in the same range as grain
Elpo 1998
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Polygalacturonase in ripe & unripe banana (Musa acuminata)
Pathak 1998
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Polysaccharide components present in the pseudo-stem (scape) of M. paradisiaca
Anjaneyalu 1997
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Sucrose-phosphate synthase (EC 2.3.1.14) in banana increases during ripening
do Nascimento 1997
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Salsolinol and N-methylsalsolinol in banana
Deng 1996
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Nine vegetables (potato, tomato, green bean, green/red pepper, carrot, artichoke, spinach, lettuce, beet) and 5 fruits (orange, tangerine, banana, peach, watermelon) account for most of carotenoid intake
Granado 1996
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Trace element concentrations in the fruit peels and trunks of Musa paradisiaca
Selema 1996
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Carotenoid content of banana peel was 3-4 micrograms per gram as lutein equivalent.
Subagio 1996
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Tyramine content of 51 foods including raspberries, bananas, and banana peels
Walker 1996
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Resistant starch is relatively high in sorghum, green gram dhal and green plantain
Platel 1994
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Composition of banana flour (% dry matter): protein 3.2; fat 1.3; ash 3.7; neutral fiber 8.9; acid fiber 3.8; cellulose 3.1; lignin 1.0 hemicellulose 5.0, soluble sugars2.8, starch 70, non-starch polysaccharides 12
Suntharalingam 1993
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Protein & iron content of yam, plantain & cocoyam
Udo 1993
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Phosphofructokinase is primarily responsible for the increased entry of fructose 6-phosphate into glycolysis in ripening bananas
Ball 1991
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BanLec-I, a 27 kD lectin from banana, is specific for oligomannosidic glycans larger than (Man)6GlcNAc, stimulated T-cell proliferation
Koshte 1990
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Mycotoxins, trichothecolone, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin, and a hyperestrogenic factor, zearalenone in banana fruits infected with Fusarium moniliforme
Chakrabarti 1986
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Serotonin of 80 foods (mg/kg): plantain 30.3; pineapple 17.0; banana 15.0; Kiwi fruit 5.8; plums 4.7; tomatoes 3.2; butternuts 398; black walnuts 304; English walnuts 87; shagbark hickory nuts 143; mockernut hickory nuts 67; pecans 29
Feldman 1985
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"Composition of plantain leaves (Musa paradisiaca L., subsp. normalis O. Kze). A possible source for leaf protein concentrate " (no abstract)
Rosas Romero 1983
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Chemical composition and usability as feed of banana pulp and peel
Sharaf 1979
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"Identification of salsolinol as a major dopamine metabolite in the banana " (no abstract)
Riggin 1976
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"Chemical composition of unripe (green) and ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) " (no abstract)
Ketiku 1973
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"An allosteric alpha-glucan phosphorylase from banana fruits " (no abstract)
Singh 1973
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"Tyrosine hydroxylation in the banana plant " (no abstract)
Nagatsu 1972
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"The isolation of 31-norcyclolaudenone from Musa sapientum " (no abstract)
Knapp 1970
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"Ascorbic acid content of tubers and plantain of Cameroon before and after cooking " (no abstract)
Le Berre 1969
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"Present state of our knowledge of the biochemistry, physiology and nutritive value of the banana " (French, no abstract)
Agot 1968
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"Hypoglycaemic principle in Musa sapientum L. and its isolation " (no abstract)
Jain 1968
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"Banana smoking. Chromatographic analysis of baked skins " (no abstract)
Angrist 1967
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Pharmacodynamics
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Growth stimulation of Gram negative E. coli, Shigella, Enterobacter & Salmonella correlated with norepinephrine & dopamine content (but not serotonin) of banana peel & pulp
Lyte 1997
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Inhibition of contractions of the tibialis muscle by juice of the banana trunk is much like oxalate, which may be the basis of the activity
Benitez 1991
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Beta-glucuronidase & beta-hexosaminidase decreased in the aorta in rats fed cholesterol free diet and given dietary fiber isolated as neutral detergent residue from unripe banana
Usha 1991
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Skeletal muscle twitch increase by Musa stem juice is Ca2+ dependent
Singh 1990
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"Activation of peritoneal macrophages by sitoindoside-IV, an anti-ulcerogenic acylsterylglycoside from Musa paradisiaca " (no abstract)
Chattopadhyay 1987
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Skeletal muscle contraction & paralysis by extract from the trunk of the banana tree is dose dependent and increased by neostigmine or reversed by calcium pretreatment
Singh 1985
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Non-depolarising neuromuscular block by juice of the banana trunk is reduced by oxidation or anticholinesterases
Lee 1980
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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MA-ACS1 encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase in banana fruit was the gene related to the ripening process and was inducible by ethylene
Liu 1999
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Thiabendazole & imazalil pesticide residue in citrus & banana
Ito 1998
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Protease inhibition (proteolysis of casein by trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain) was greater by ripe banana than by unripe ones, and is heat stable
Rao 1991
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Animal Studies
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Blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin were reduced by flower extract of M. sapientum, 0.15, 0.20 & 0.25 g/kg orally to alloxan diabetic rats
Pari 2000
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Aspirin-induced erosion is protected against by leucocyanidin (a flavonoid from unripe plantain banana) or dried unripe plantain banana powder
Lewis 1999
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Of 28 plants studied, 8 decrease the hyperglycemic peak in rabbits: Guazuma ulmifolia, Tournefortia hirsutissima, Lepechinia caulescens, Rhizophora mangle, Musa sapientum, Trigonella foenum graceum, Turnera diffusa, and Euphorbia prostrata
Alarcon-Aguilara 1998
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Aorta is relaxed by plantain extract but contracted by serotonin
Orie 1997
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Cassava diet caused endomyocardial fibrosis in Cercopithecus whereas banana doesn't
Sezi 1996
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"Actions of banana tree extract on smooth and cardiac muscles and in the anesthetized rat " (no abstract)
Singh 1996
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Glycollate induced urine stones were reduced by banana stem extract in rats
Poonguzhali 1994
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Urine stones (zinc induced) were reduced by Musa stem juice (3 ml/d orally) in rats
Prasad 1993
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"Dietary fiber from Musa paradisiaca and Artocarpus heterophyllus on intestinal mucosal and bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity in hexachlorocyclohexane-treated rats " (no abstract)
Serji 1993
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Cholesterol is lowered by banana rich diet in rats but benefit is lost if the pulp is heat dried at 65 degrees
Horigome 1992
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Activity of glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-1-phosphate, uridyl transferase & glycogen synthase was higher while phosphoglucomutase activity was lower in liver of rats fed banana fiber. Bile production was increased
Usha 1989
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Increased carbohydrate in gastric mucosa and decreased protein in gastric juice of rats fed banana pulp powder
Mukhopadhyaya 1987
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Mucosal thickening and cell proliferation appears to be the mechanism of anti-ulcerogenic activity of banana
Goel 1986
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Aspirin-induced ulceration is alleviated by dried unripe plantain banana (but not ripe ones) in rats. The active factor(s) were water soluble and concentrated to 300 times that in the dried banana powder
Best 1984
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"Experiments with banana trunk juice as a neuromuscular blocker " (no abstract)
Lee 1980
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"Eating banana in cats for brain stimulation reward " (no abstract)
Wyrwicka 1974
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"Investigations on subsidiary feeds. I. Banana (Musa spp) leaves as cattle fodder " (no abstract)
Johri 1967
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"Studies on peptic ulceration. II. Role of banana in restraint and prednisolone induced ulcer in albino rats " (no abstract)
Sanyal 1965
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